{"id":6685,"date":"2023-04-17T13:03:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-17T11:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/"},"modified":"2024-04-22T16:38:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T14:38:34","slug":"design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/","title":{"rendered":"Design of metal springs &#8211; Part 1 &#8220;Basics&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Below is the summary of the basics about<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federauslegung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring design<\/a> of<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/druckfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Compression springs<\/a> ,<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/zugfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Tension springs<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/schenkelfedern-torsionsfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Leg springs<\/a> .<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2766 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Federarbeit_600-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Federarbeit Grafik - Gutekunst Federn\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-wp-pid=\"2766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-270x270.jpg 270w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_600-600x600-cropped.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/technische-federn-wissen-kompakt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technical springs<\/a> are still one of the most important machine elements today and are used successfully in vehicles, precision mechanical or electrotechnical devices, medical devices, household appliances and much more. The function of the entire device or machine part often depends on the trouble-free operation of the metal spring.<\/p>\n<p>Metal springs are elements that deliberately deform under load and return to their original shape when the load is removed. The energy supplied is in<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federarbeit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring work<\/a> (W) converted and released again at a later point in time (energy store). However, the metal springs only reliably perform this deformation and energy absorption within the limits designed for this purpose. Therefore is the right one<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federauslegung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring design<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/service-und-informationen\/federberechnungsprogramm-winfsb.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spring calculation<\/a> an important component for the perfectly working metal spring.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#The_spring_characteristic_curve\" >The spring characteristic curve<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#The_spring_work\" >The spring work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#The_hysteresis\" >The hysteresis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#The_relaxation\" >The relaxation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#The_right_choice_of_spring_material\" >The right choice of spring material<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#Elasticity_and_sliding_moduli_of_various_spring_materials\" >Elasticity and sliding moduli of various spring materials<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#Influence_of_working_temperature_on_spring_material_selection\" >Influence of working temperature on spring material selection<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#Behavior_at_elevated_working_temperatures\" >Behavior at elevated working temperatures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#Behavior_at_low_operating_temperatures\" >Behavior at low operating temperatures<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#Use_of_spring_systems\" >Use of spring systems<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#a_Parallel_connection\" >a) Parallel connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#b_Series_connection\" >b) Series connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/design-of-metal-springs-part-1-basics\/#c_Mixed_circuit\" >c) Mixed circuit<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_spring_characteristic_curve\"><\/span>The spring characteristic curve<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/info.formfedern.com\/federarten\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Metal springs or technical springs<\/a> are made according to your <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkennlinie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spring characteristic<\/a> judged. This spring characteristic represents the dependence of the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkraft-berechnen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring force<\/a> (F) represents the spring travel (s). Because depending on which spring characteristic is required (linear, progressive, degressive or combined), the shape and type of the spring also change.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6688\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6688\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkennlinie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2776 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-1024x601.jpg\" alt=\"Spring characteristics - Gutekunst Federn\" width=\"750\" height=\"440\" data-wp-pid=\"2776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-600x352.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-150x88.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-400x235.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst-200x117.jpg 200w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federkennlinien_Gutekunst.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6688\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spring characteristics a) progressive of a conical compression spring, b) linear a cylindrical compression spring, degressive a disc spring column<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>With the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkonstante\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring rate<\/a> (R) the spring characteristic is determined in the spring diagram. The spring rate (R) is therefore an important value when designing the spring for the right spring. At<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkennlinie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> linear spring characteristic<\/a> the spring rate is constant. Springs with a curved spring characteristic have a variable spring rate. The following formulas therefore apply to a linear characteristic:<\/p>\n<p><strong>for compression and tension springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=\\frac{F2-F1}{s2-s1}<\/span>\n<p><strong>for leg and torsion springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R_{M}=\\frac{M2-M1}{\\alpha2-\\alpha1}<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_spring_work\"><\/span>The spring work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When the metal spring is tensioned, work is done, which is then released again when the tension is released. The spring work (W) always results as the area below the spring characteristic. With a linear spring characteristic, the following applies:<\/p>\n<p><strong>for compression and tension springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">W=\\frac{1}{2}F\\cdot s<\/span>\n<p><strong>for leg and torsion springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">W=\\frac{1}{2}M\\cdot \\alpha<\/span>\n<p>By calculating the volume utility value, different types of springs can be determined using the ratio of spring work (W) and installation space (V) compare with each other:<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">\\eta_{A}=\\frac{W}{V}<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_hysteresis\"><\/span>The hysteresis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2763 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Federarbeit bei Reibung | Gutekunst Federn\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-wp-pid=\"2763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-270x270.jpg 270w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federarbeit_bei_Reibung_600-200x200.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The suspension behavior can be influenced by external friction. These frictional forces hinder the spring&#8217;s recovery. In the case of alternating loads, this is expressed in the form of a<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/hystereseschleife\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Hysteresis loop<\/a> . Part of the spring work is converted into heat by the friction and is then &#8220;lost&#8221;. Since this is undesirable when using springs, any friction should be designed by arrangement and<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/bauformen-metallfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Shape of feathers<\/a> be avoided.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3193\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3193\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/hystereseschleife\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1239 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Hystereseschleife_600-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Hysteresis loop steel springs\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-wp-pid=\"1239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-270x270.jpg 270w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hystereseschleife_600-400x400-cropped.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3193\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frictional hysteresis loop<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_relaxation\"><\/span>The relaxation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For example, if a compression spring is used<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federwerkstoffe-arbeitstemperatur\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> higher temperature<\/a> is compressed to a certain length between parallel plates, one can determine that the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federkraft-berechnen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring force<\/a> gradually decreases over time. This loss of strength increases with increasing temperature and tension.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/relaxation-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Relaxation<\/a> of the material is a plastic deformation that manifests itself as a loss of force with a constant installation length. This is given as a percentage of the output force F1:<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Relaxation=\\frac{\\Delta F\\cdot 100}{F1}<\/span>\n<p>The following diagram shows the basic course of the relaxation and the relaxation speed:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6690\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6690\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/relaxation-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2777 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-1024x628.jpg\" alt=\"Relaxation graphics - Gutekunst Federn\" width=\"750\" height=\"460\" data-wp-pid=\"2777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-1024x628.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-768x471.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-600x368.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-150x92.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-400x245.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst-200x123.jpg 200w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Relaxation_Gutekunst.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6690\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Time course of the relaxation and the relaxation speed in helical compression springs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The relaxation values after 48 hours are considered to be characteristic values, although the relaxation is not yet completely complete at this point in time. Material-dependent relaxation diagrams can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beuth.de\/de\/norm\/din-en-13906-1\/189797622\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EN 13906-1<\/a>. These are only to be included by the designer if high demands are placed on the constancy of the spring force. The relaxation at different temperature states is used in the calculation in<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/federberechnung-auswahl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring calculation program<\/a> WinFSB from Gutekunst Federn, available at<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><u> www.federnshop.com<\/u><\/a> , shown with.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_right_choice_of_spring_material\"><\/span>The right choice of spring material<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/extremfall\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Metal springs<\/a> must be manufactured from a suitable <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federstahl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spring material<\/a> and designed and shaped in such a way that they return to their original shape after the applied load has been removed. This property is expressed in the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/elastizitaetsmodul\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> modulus of elasticity<\/a> and in the sliding module. These<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federstahl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Material parameters<\/a> express the relationship between tension and elongation and should have as high a value as possible.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In addition, spring materials should:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>high elasticity limits, i.e. a large, purely elastic range,<\/li>\n<li>the corresponding tensions also at<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federwerkstoffe-arbeitstemperatur\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> elevated temperatures<\/a> endure without major loss of strength (low relaxation),<\/li>\n<li>have a high fatigue strength (fine-grain structure, free of impurities),<\/li>\n<li>have sufficient deformability,<\/li>\n<li>have a surface that is as slippery as possible,<\/li>\n<li>withstand certain requirements for corrosion protection,<\/li>\n<li>be electrically conductive or non-magnetic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Elasticity_and_sliding_moduli_of_various_spring_materials\"><\/span>Elasticity and sliding moduli of various spring materials<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"240\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">Spring material<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">Modulus of elasticity [N\/mm\u00b2]<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">G module [N\/mm\u00b2]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Patented drawn spring steel wire according to EN 10270-1<\/td>\n<td>206000<\/td>\n<td>81500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil tempered valve spring wire according to EN 10270-2<\/td>\n<td>206000<\/td>\n<td>81500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hot rolled steel according to EN10089<\/td>\n<td>206000<\/td>\n<td>78500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cold rolled strip according to EN 10132<\/td>\n<td>206000<\/td>\n<td>78500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X10 CrNi 18 8 (1.4310)<\/td>\n<td>185000<\/td>\n<td>70000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X7 CrNiAl 17 7 (1.4568)<\/td>\n<td>195000<\/td>\n<td>73000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X5 CrNiMo 17-12-2 (1.4401)<\/td>\n<td>180000<\/td>\n<td>68000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuSn6 R950 according to EN 12166<\/td>\n<td>115000<\/td>\n<td>42000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuZn36 R700 according to EN 12166<\/td>\n<td>110000<\/td>\n<td>39000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuBe2 according to EN 12166<\/td>\n<td>120000<\/td>\n<td>47000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuNi18Zn20 according to EN 12166<\/td>\n<td>135000<\/td>\n<td>45000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuCo2Be according to EN 12166<\/td>\n<td>130000<\/td>\n<td>48000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inconel X750<\/td>\n<td>213000<\/td>\n<td>76000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nimonic 90<\/td>\n<td>213000<\/td>\n<td>83000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hastelloy C4<\/td>\n<td>210000<\/td>\n<td>76000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Titanium alloy TiAl6V4<\/td>\n<td>104000<\/td>\n<td>39000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Influence_of_working_temperature_on_spring_material_selection\"><\/span>Influence of working temperature on spring material selection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behavior_at_elevated_working_temperatures\"><\/span>Behavior at elevated working temperatures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The level of the working temperature can significantly influence the function of a spring, as the tendency to relaxation increases with increasing temperature. After evaluating the relaxation diagrams, the following limit temperatures can be set for the most important spring materials.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Limit temperatures of spring materials with minimal relaxation<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"240\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">Spring material<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"160\">Maximum working temperature in \u00b0 C at<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>high load<\/td>\n<td>low load<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Patented drawn spring steel wire according to EN 10270-1<\/td>\n<td>60-80<\/td>\n<td>80-150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil tempered valve spring wire according to EN 10270-2<\/td>\n<td>80-160<\/td>\n<td>120-160<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X10CrNi 18.8 (1.4310)<\/td>\n<td>160<\/td>\n<td>250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X7CrNiAl 17.7 (1.4568)<\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<td>350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X5CrNiMo 17-12-2 (1.4401)<\/td>\n<td>160<\/td>\n<td>300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuSn6<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuZn36<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuBe2<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuNi18Zn20<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inconel X750<\/td>\n<td>475<\/td>\n<td>550<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nimonic90<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In addition, take the important for the spring function<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federstahl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Material properties<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/elastizitaetsmodul\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> modulus of elasticity<\/a> and shear modulus decreases with increasing temperature. Both the shear modulus and the modulus of elasticity are determined at higher temperatures using the following formula, with the material parameters at room temperature (20 \u00b0 C) serving as the basis.<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">G_{t}=G_{20}=\\frac{3620-T}{3600}<\/span>\n<p>or.<\/p>\n<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">E_{t}=E_{20}=\\frac{3620-T}{3600}<\/span>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This enables the designer to determine the actual spring forces at the expected operating temperature.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behavior_at_low_operating_temperatures\"><\/span>Behavior at low operating temperatures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>When used in cooling systems,<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/druckfedern-weltall\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> in space<\/a> or when it is very cold in winter, temperatures as low as &#8211; 200 \u00b0 have to be endured. Despite rising<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/zugfestigkeit-federwerkstoffe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> tensile strenght<\/a> low temperatures have an unfavorable effect, as the toughness of the materials decreases and brittle fractures can occur. Stainless spring steels as well as copper and nickel alloys are preferable to the patented spring wires and valve spring wires when used at <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/tieftemperatur-federwerkstoffe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low temperatures<\/a>. The following table shows the limit temperatures.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommendations for use at low temperatures<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"160\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">Spring material<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">Minimum working temperature in \u00b0 C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Patented drawn spring steel wire according to EN 10270-1<\/td>\n<td>-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil tempered valve spring wire according to EN 10270-2<\/td>\n<td>-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X10CrNi 18.8 (1.4310)<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X7CrNiAl 17.7 (1.4568)<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X5CrNiMo 17-12-2 (1.4401)<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuSn6<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuZn36<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuBe2<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CuNi18Zn20<\/td>\n<td>-200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inconel X750<\/td>\n<td>-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nimonic90<\/td>\n<td>-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Use_of_spring_systems\"><\/span>Use of spring systems<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For structural reasons, it is also possible to use several springs to absorb forces and movements. Simple<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/druckfedern-federsysteme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Spring systems<\/a> are<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/parallelschaltung-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Parallel<\/a> &#8211; and<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/reihenschaltung-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Series connections<\/a> .<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6692\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6692\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federsysteme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2778\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-258x300.jpg\" alt=\"Spring systems graphics - Gutekunst Federn\" width=\"360\" height=\"419\" data-wp-pid=\"2778\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-258x300.jpg 258w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-129x150.jpg 129w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-400x466.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-343x400.jpg 343w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-515x600.jpg 515w, https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Federsysteme_Gutekunst-1-172x200.jpg 172w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6692\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spring systems a) parallel connection, b) series connection, c) Mixing circuit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a_Parallel_connection\"><\/span>a)<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/parallelschaltung-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Parallel connection<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The springs are arranged in such a way that the external load (F) is proportionally divided between the individual springs, but the travel of the individual springs is the same. So it results:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s=s1=s2=s3=...<\/span> (total suspension travel)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F=F1+F2+F3+...<\/span> (total spring force)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=R1+R2+R3+...<\/span> (total spring rate)<\/p>\n<p><strong>The spring rate of the overall system of a parallel connection is always greater than the spring rate of the individual springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b_Series_connection\"><\/span>b)<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/reihenschaltung-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Series connection<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The springs are arranged one behind the other, so that the same force acts on each spring, but the spring travel is divided between the individual springs. It results:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">s=s1+s2+s3+...<\/span> (total suspension travel)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F=F1=F2=F3=...<\/span> (total spring force)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{R1}+\\frac{1}{R2}+\\frac{1}{R3}+...}<\/span> (Total spring rate)<\/p>\n<p><strong>The spring rate of the overall system of a series connection is always smaller than the spring rate of the individual springs<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c_Mixed_circuit\"><\/span>c)<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/mischschaltungen-federn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Mixed circuit<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Several springs are connected in parallel and one behind the other. Because of the equilibrium, R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 must be. In the case shown, the following applies:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">R=\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{R1+R2}+\\frac{1}{R3+R4}+...}<\/span> (Total spring rate)<\/p>\n<p><strong>The spring rate of the overall system of the mixing circuit shown lies between the smallest and largest spring rate of the individual springs!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In the second part of the information series &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/auslegung-metallfedern-berechnung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Design of metal springs &#8211; Part 2 &#8220;Calculation<\/a> &#8220;we provide you with the calculation parameters for the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/funktions-festigkeitsnachweis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Function and strength verification<\/a> the<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/druckfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Compression springs<\/a> ,<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/zugfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Tension springs<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/torsionsfedern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Leg springs<\/a> in front.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you require an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/federnanfrage-auswahl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">individual spring design<\/a>, simply email us the key data for the metal spring you require to <a href=\"mailto:service@federnshop.com\">service@federnshop.com<\/a>, contact our technical department by telephone on (+49) 035877 227-11 or use the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/service-und-informationen\/federberechnung-nach-din-13906.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gutekunst spring calculation program WinFSB<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.federnshop.com<\/a> for free calculation of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/berechnung\/druckfedern.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">compression springs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/berechnung\/zugfedern.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extension springs<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federnshop.com\/de\/berechnung\/schenkelfedern.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">torsion springs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>For more information:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/druckfedern-auslegung-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Compression spring design (video)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/zugfedern-auslegung-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Extension springs design (video)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/auslegung-metallfedern-berechnung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Design of metal springs &#8211; Part 2 &#8220;Calculation&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/massdaten-federauslegung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dimension data for spring design<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/neues-federnberechnungsprogramm\/\">Spring calculation program WinFSB 8<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/federstahldraht\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spring steel wires and their properties<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Below is the summary of the basics about Spring design of Compression springs , Tension springs and Leg springs . Technical springs are still one of the most important machine elements today and are used successfully in vehicles, precision mechanical<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6694,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[858,860,550,457,458,863,857],"tags":[1496,1498,1500,1495,616,437,438,1273],"class_list":["post-6685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-compression-springs","category-extension-springs","category-industry-en","category-knowledge","category-press-release","category-special-springs","category-wire-springs","tag-federauslegung-en","tag-federberechnung-en","tag-grundlagen-en","tag-konstruktion-en","tag-schenkelfedern-en","tag-springs","tag-tension-springs","tag-torsion-springs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6685"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11103,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6685\/revisions\/11103"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.federnshop.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}